From
the 16th century, European powers such as
Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and the
United Kingdom established trading posts and
later took advantage of internal conflicts to
establish colonies in the country. By 1856,
most of India was under the control of the
British East India Company. A year later, a
nationwide insurrection of rebelling military
units and kingdoms, known as India's First War
of Independence or the Sepoy Mutiny, seriously
challenged the Company's control but
eventually failed. As a result of the
instability, India was brought under the
direct rule of the British Crown.
Mahatma
Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937.
Nehru would go on to become India's first
prime minister in 1947.
In the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for
independence was launched by the Indian
National Congress and other political
organisations, Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi
led millions of people in several national
campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience.
On 15 August 1947, India gained independence
from British rule, but at the same time the
Muslim-majority areas were partitioned to form
a separate state of Pakistan. On 26 January
1950, India became a republic and a new
constitution came into effect.
Since
independence, India has faced challenges from
religious violence, casteism, naxalism,
terrorism and regional separatist
insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir
and Northeast India. Since the 1990s terrorist
attacks have affected many Indian cities.
India has unresolved territorial disputes with
P. R. China, which in 1962 escalated into the
Sino-Indian War; and with Pakistan, which
resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1991 and 1999.
India is a founding member of the United
Nations (as British India) and the Non-Aligned
Movement. In 1974, India conducted an
underground nuclear test and five more tests
in 1998, making India a nuclear state.
Beginning in 1991, significant economic
reforms have transformed India into one of the
fastest-growing economies in the world,
increasing its global clout. |